Look at these examples to see how zero, first and second conditionals are used.
If you freeze water, it becomes solid.
If it rains tomorrow, I'll take the car.
If I lived closer to the cinema, I would go more often.
Try this exercise to test your grammar.
- Grammar test 1
Read the explanation to learn more.
Grammar explanation
Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. The if clause tells you the condition (If you study hard) and the main clause tells you the result (you will pass your exams). The order of the clauses does not change the meaning.
If you study hard, you will pass your exams.
You will pass your exams if you study hard.
Conditional sentences are often divided into different types.
Zero conditional
We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true, especially for laws and rules.
If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep at night.
Ice melts if you heat it.
When the sun goes down, it gets dark.
The structure is: if/when + present simple >> present simple.
First conditional
We use the first conditional when we talk about future situations we believe are real or possible.
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
Arsenal will be top of the league if they win.
When I finish work, I'll call you.
In first conditional sentences, the structure is usually: if/when + present simple >> will + infinitive.
It is also common to use this structure with unless, as long as, as soon as or in case instead of if.
I'll leave as soon as the babysitter arrives.
I don't want to stay in London unless I get a well-paid job.
I'll give you a key in case I'm not at home.
You can go to the party, as long as you're back by midnight.
Second conditional
The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality.
If we had a garden, we could have a cat.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country.
I wouldn't worry if I were you.
The structure is usually: if + past simple >> + would + infinitive.
When if is followed by the verb be, it is grammatically correct to say if I were, if he were, if she were and if it were. However, it is also common to hear these structures with was, especially in the he/she form.
If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.
If she was prime minister, she would invest more money in schools.
He would travel more if he was younger.
Do this exercise to test your grammar again.
- Grammar test 2
Hello,
I found an exercise about the 2 conditional that says the sentence "If I had written Hunger Games, I would be a very rich woman" is correct. Why it's not simply "If I wrote Hunger Games, I would be a very rich woman"?
Hi agnesmag1,
"If I wrote ..." shows an unreal present or future action. However, the book has already been written and it already exists. So, the speaker/writer wants to show an unreal past action. That's why it should be "If I had written ...". The idea is: If I had written Hunger Games (in the past), I would be a very rich woman (now / by now).
Does that make sense?
Jonathan
LearnEnglish team
Thank you Jonathan, but I was thinking it's mixed, rather than second conditional. So, to me, in this sentence the combination of 2 and 3 is used to talk about hypothetical situations happening in the past (third conditional) with a present result (second conditional). What do you think?
Hi agnesmag1,
Yes, that's quite right. It is a mixed conditional.
Jonathan
LearnEnglish team
Hi. I've seen this example before in somewhere else and they name it as third conditional. Could it be?
Hello Katapoom,
A third conditional has the following form:
If + had + past participle > would have + past participle
If I had moved to France in 2005, I would not have met my wife.
The sentence is about an unreal/imagined past situation with an unreal/imagined past result.
An alternative is a mixed conditional, so called because it mixes past and present times:
If + had + past participle > would + base verb
If I had moved to France in 2005, I would speak French fluently.
The sentence is about an unreal/imagined past situation with an unreal/imagined present result.
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello, dear teachers and team!
Could you please help me with the following:
"I don't want to stay in London unless I get a well-paid job.". If I say "I don't want to stay in London UNTIL I get a well-paid job.", does it make any difference?
Thank you very much for your important help and I'm grateful for the answer to this comment!!!
Hello howtosay_,
Unless sets a condition. If the condition is not met, the result will not occur.
Until sets a time. When the thing occurs, the 'result' can happen.
Sometimes the two are interchangeable, but unless is used when you do not know if the condition will be met or not. Until can be used in this situation, but can also be used when the fact something will happen is sure but the time is uncertain. For example, both of these sentences are possible:
However, in this example only until is possible as we know he condition will happen, we just do not know when:
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
which conditional is this expression "serious injury could occur if these precautions are not observed"?
Hello Fair_dz,
This conditional sentence describes an unlikely future situation - in other words, a situation which is possible but which the speaker does not think is likely. In some grammars the term 'second conditional' is used. The form is if + past > (then) could/would* + verb.
* other modal verbs are possible
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team